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How to prepare a public procurement in the healthcare sector?

 

In this presentation, we will outline the main steps that should be implemented in a procedure for awarding a public contract under Article 18 of the Public Procurement Act, so that it is prepared, organized and conducted in accordance with the rules of the Law on Public Procurement and its Regulations implementation and other relevant legal acts in force.

 

1. General conditions.

1.1. Legal term "Public contracting authority" of public procurement!

Public contracting authorities are defined in Art. 5, para. 2 of the ZOP. This also includes state and municipal medical institutions [1] , whose relevance and applicability to the concept of "public contracting authority" is complemented by the definition of "Public organization" given in §2, item 43 of the Transitional and Final Provisions of the Law on Public Procurement In continuation of what has been said, state and municipal medical institutions are public law organizations that acquire the status of "public contracting authority", as they are created with the specific purpose of satisfying needs of general interest; b) they do not have industrial or commercial in nature; c) are financed with more than 50 percent by state, territorial or local bodies or by other public law organizations; or have a management or supervisory body, the majority of the members to which they are appointed by a public contracting authority under Art. 5, para. 2, items 1-14.

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How to prepare a public order for the delivery of food in educational and social institutions?

 

 

The precise and comprehensive application of the legal doctrine in the sphere regulating healthy nutrition in children's institutions and schools should be a priority of every institution in the State. In continuation of what has been said, public contractors spending budgetary funds to provide food products in state and municipal establishments should be extremely precise when preparing a procedure for awarding public procurement in this area. We believe that the requirements for the participants, the criteria for their selection, the technical specifications, the draft contract, as a set of documents that the contracting authority prepares in accordance with the Public Procurement Act, should correspond to the maximum extent to the purpose for which they are held - providing quality healthy food in the facilities for social services.

 For this purpose, we will outline the main steps to be applied in a procedure for awarding a public contract under Article 18 of the Public Procurement Act, so that it is prepared, organized and conducted in accordance with the rules of the Public Procurement Law and the Regulations for its implementation and other relevant legal acts in force in the field of food and their quality characteristics.

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What is the 'KYC' protocol and why it is the key to the blockchain ecosystem?

 

1. Introduction.

As a lawyer professionally engaged in blockchain consulting, I must point out that one of the most important things for a real and legitimate crypto project is the initial identification of its users. You know that regardless of whether you use the service of a crypto exchange or simply register a hosted wallet (online wallet) on a given platform, you are always required to identify yourself as a person. This is the automatic technological protocol "know your customer" (from English "know your customer" or "KYC"). It, together with the other key protocol for laundering dirty money (known as "AML" from the English "anti money laundering") are normatively mandatory for every legal crypto project, and this view was laid down in the recommendations that DANS recently published on the topic.

KYC operations have evolved from a rudimentary process into a strict and meticulous practice overseen by the regulatory authorities of every EU member state, including the US. In the past, the manual (paper) and digital KYC process was not cheap, fast and customer-friendly, with large financial institutions spending close to $500 million annually on the KYC process. KYC regulations are becoming increasingly strict around the world, so these costs are expected to rise gradually to staggering amounts.

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How to create your own crypto exchange in Bulgaria?

 

The creation of a financial project related to the trading of crypto-currencies in Bulgaria is a process that hides several detailed questions, having for its object specific legal, financial and technological aspects. Crypto exchanges are digital market, financial platforms that allow users to buy and sell cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency exchanges may also support trading in other digital assets, such as non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Cryptocurrency exchanges function similarly to traditional exchanges with two important exceptions: there is no physical presence in trading, i.e. crypto exchanges are strictly digital markets. Cryptocurrency exchanges are similar to digital money markets, except that the majority of supported currencies are cryptocurrencies. Crypto exchanges also support a number of fiat (issued by governments) currencies, and trade in so-called stable coins (from the English "stable coins"), which are one-to-one with a specific fiat currency (for example, the crypto currencies USDT and USDC are one-to-one one with dollars).

In order to start the implementation of such a project, the legal and regulatory framework, the necessary licensing regimes and the means of collaboration with the legal entities that would trade cryptocurrencies, including their creators, should be analyzed in detail. As I already mentioned, crypto exchanges are blockchain platforms through which cryptocurrencies are traded, and they are also a technological tool that provides liquidity in the market, but also legal and software security, in order to guarantee the transfer of funds and unification in a common instrument of demand and the supply of blockchain financial assets. There are different types of crypto exchanges – crypto brokers, centralized exchanges and decentralized exchanges depending on the technological, financial, regulatory and legal approach of each such project.

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Why is the court practice concerning disputes between domains and trademarks in Bulgaria illegal?

 

1. Introduction :

I would like to start this presentation by noting the objective fact of reality that the largest company in the world (as I now), whose business is multi-billion - "AMAZON", is based online. Its shares are traded on the stock exchange in New York, London and Hong Kong. Behind the website AMAZON.com is the corporation "Amazon.com" Inc. This company also owns the American national, international (registered under the Madrid Agreement and its protocol) and European trademarks AMAZON.com . The trademark in question is definitely a domain! Its shares, according to my information (I admit it is incomplete), are not traded on the Sofia(Bulgarian) stock exchange, nor are cases related to it heard in the Sofia courts, but it is still the most expensive trademark in the world representing a domain. I share these facts because of the particularly controversial view of the Bulgarian court of the 21st century (object of research in this article) that "the domain cannot and is not a trademark" and that "the bad faith registration of a domain is not a commercial activity". Sounds absurd to you? For me as well.

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Crypto wallets, how to acquire them, set them up and what is the use of them?

 

1. Introduction.

Unlike your bank notes, debit and credit cards, cryptocurrencies cannot be easily stored in your physical wallet in your back pocket. In this line of thought, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the way to store your electronic assets is the so-called " crypto wallets ", which are structured using blockchain technology.

A crypto wallet is a software program or physical medium (flash drive, hard drive, etc.) for securely storing the public and private keys you need to make cryptocurrency transactions. Crypto wallets also allow you to send and receive selected cryptocurrencies - from Bitcoin to Ethereum and more. Therefore, it can be said that crypto wallets are the gateway to making a solid footprint on the Web3 [1] and in the crypto investment world. This is your identity on the blockchain and this is how you store your cryptocurrencies, with the blockchain industry working towards every legal entity having a self-storage crypto wallet in the near future, not just the entities that are deep and hard immersed in blockchain technology.

That's why with this article I aim to ensure that you (1) better understand what a crypto wallet is, (2) how to create and set one up, and (3) why having one is critical when investing in cryptocurrencies.

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Patentability of software inventions in Europe.

 

1. Introduction.

The question of the patentability of software works has been the subject of many doctrinal and practical disputes in recent years in the institutions of the European Community. The liberalization of scientific and legal views on the patentability of intangible goods logically led to the registration and ex post facto - judicial protection of patents for mathematical, educational and business methods, a trend that until recently was materially unthinkable, but received its breakthrough in the last thirty years. stimulated by some prominent (corporate) users of the patent system, as well as by new trends in the national patent offices themselves. In Europe, unlike other countries in the world (such as the United States), software patentability was effectively parried substantively, namely through Article 52, paragraph 2 of the European Patent Convention (EPC) [1] . This legal norm contains a comprehensive list of objects excluded from patentability, namely: discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods; schemes, rules and methods for performing mental operations, games or economic activity, as well as computer programs (as such).

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What is “SAFT”?

 

1. What is “SAFT”?

"SAFT" (from the English Simple agreement for future tokens) is a contractual investment agreement that refers at a technological ("low", i.e. such as in the code) level to the exchange of statements of intent regarding the agreement of specific investors to finance blockchain projects, with developers offering them discounted crypto tokens in return as a future event.

In this context, a "SAFT" contractual arrangement may qualify as a type of electronic bearer security and should fall within the scope of the provisions of the Public Offering of Securities Act. However, the tokens transferred from the blockchain developers to the investors, according to the “SAFT” agreement, are not securities. Therefore, they do not fall within the scope of the Bulgarian regulations on securities or electronic money companies, which are subject to the regulations of the Law on Payment Services and Payment Systems (ZPUPS) and the bylaws of the BNB licensing such companies (argument from Bulgarian Regulation No. 16 of the Bulgarian National Bank(BNB) of March 29, 2018 for the issuance of licenses and approvals, for entry in the register under Article 19 of the Federal Law on Public Procurement).

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What is "GAS" or blockchain fees in the Ethereum ecosystem.

 

 

1. Introduction.

"Gas" is a unit of measurement that indicates the amount of computational effort required to perform specific operations on the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem . Since every transaction in Ethereum requires computing resources to execute, it is logical that this same technological operation requires a fee. Therefore, the term “Gas” refers to the fee required to successfully complete an Ethereum transaction.

Gas fees are paid in Ethereum's native currency, Ether (ETH) . The prices of "Gas" fees are denoted in "gwei" , which itself is a denomination of ETH - each "gwei" is equal to 0.000000001 ETH (10-9 ETH). For example, instead of saying that a "Gas" fee costs you 0.000000001 ether, you can say that "Gas" fees cost you 1 gwei. The word "gwei" itself means "giga-wei" and is equal to 1,000,000,000 "gwei". The "gwei" itself (named after Wei Dai, the creator of b-money) is the smallest unit of ETH .

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What is the difference between an ICO and an STO?

 

 

1.ICO or  "Initial coin offering" - initial offering of tokens.

The “ICO” model was the first crowdfunding opportunity to emerge in the blockchain ecosystem. This fundraising method has made it possible for anyone and anywhere to finance the development of a company or project. ICOs were also named after the cryptocurrency version of the initial public offering (from the English Initial public offering or "IPO"). In exchange for his investment in the ICO projects, the investor receives a certain number of "utility tokens" or in other words, user tokens. These tokens represent future access to the company's product or service.